CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………
LIST OF CASES………………………………………………………………
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..1-8
CONCEPT, PROBLEMS AND CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR……...9-36
(A) CONCEPT OF CHILD LABOUR………………………………...........9
1. Definition of Child Labour……………………………………………...9
2. Meaning of Child Labour……………………………………………...13
3. Rights of Children……………………………………………………..17
(B) PROBLEMS OF CHILD LABOUR……………………………………...18
1) Statement of the Problems………………………………………………20
2) World Context…………………………………………………………..23
3) Indian Context………………………………………………………….24
4) The Nature and Magnitude of Problems……………………………….25
a) Child Labour Today…………………………………………….26
b) Children in Hazardous Work…………………………………...27
c) Children in Domestic Work…………………………………….31
d) Slavery and Forced Child Labor………………………………..31
(C) CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR ………………………………………...32
i. Poverty………………………………………………………….32
ii. Low Income of the Bread Earner of the Family………………..33
iii. Child Labour is Cheap Commodity…………………………….33
iv. Large Families………………………………………………….34
v. Illiteracy and Ignorance of Parents……………………………..34
vi. Unemployed Parents……………………………………………35
vii. Migration to Urban Areas………………………………………36
Reasons…………………………………………………..36
CHILD LABOUR IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE…….37-49
I. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948…………………39
II. Declaration on the rights of the Child 1959……………………39
III. International Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989……..40
IV. International Labour Organization……………………………..42
V. IPEC: ILO’S International Program for The Elimination of
Child Labour……………………………………………………43
VI. The United Nations Children’s Educational Fund (UNICEF)…44
VII. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)……………………………………….44
VIII. The South Asian Association for the
Cooperation……………..44
IX. Global March against Child Labour……………………………45
THE INDIAN LEGAL UMBRELLA………………………………...50-97
I. Constitutional Provisions……………………………………………….50
II. Legislative Enactments………………………………………………….53
(a) The Children (Pleading of Labour) Act, 1933………………….53
(b) The Employment of Children Act, 1938……………………….53
(c) The Minimum Wages Act, 1948……………………………….54
(d) The Factories Act, 1948………………………………………...55
(e) The Plantation of Labour Act, 1951……………………………56
(f) The MINES Act, 1952………………………………………….57
(g) The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958……………………………..58
(h) Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961…………………………59
(i) The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Condition of Employment) Act,
1966…………………………………………………………….60
(j) Shop &Commercial Establishment Act, 1969………………….60
(k) Bonded Labour Act, 1976……………………………………...61
(l) The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986…….61
(m) Right to Education Act 2010…………………………………...62
III. Judicial Approach…………………………………………………………63
IV. Government Policy in India……………………………………………….81
1) The National Child Labour Policy, 1987………………………83
2) Scheme of National Child Labour Project Revised 2003
Policy…………………………………………………………...84
3) Central Advisory Board on Child Labour……………………..84
4) Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee………………...85
5) National Child Labour Projects. (NCLP)……………………...85
6) Strategy to be adopted during The 10th Plan for Elimination of
Child Labour……………………………………………………85
7) Measures to deal with Child Labour- Strategy for the 11th
Plan……………………………………………………………..87
V. Steps Taken by National Human Rights Commission and Commission
For the Rights of Children………………………………………………...94
1) Death of 12 Year old Child Worker, Naushad: Bangalore (Case No.
452/10/2000-2001)…………………………………………………..94
2) Bonded Child Labour: Andhra Pradesh (Case No. 443/2001-
02/FC)……………………………………………………………….95
3) Exploitation of Children by the Great Roman Circus in Gonda U.P.
(Case No. 7993/24/2004-2005)……………………………………...96
4) NHRC raps Karnataka Govt. on child labour in Bellary mines……..96
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTIONS……………………………98-107
Bibliography……………………………………………………………108-113
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ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………
LIST OF CASES………………………………………………………………
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..1-8
CONCEPT, PROBLEMS AND CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR……...9-36
(A) CONCEPT OF CHILD LABOUR………………………………...........9
1. Definition of Child Labour……………………………………………...9
2. Meaning of Child Labour……………………………………………...13
3. Rights of Children……………………………………………………..17
(B) PROBLEMS OF CHILD LABOUR……………………………………...18
1) Statement of the Problems………………………………………………20
2) World Context…………………………………………………………..23
3) Indian Context………………………………………………………….24
4) The Nature and Magnitude of Problems……………………………….25
a) Child Labour Today…………………………………………….26
b) Children in Hazardous Work…………………………………...27
c) Children in Domestic Work…………………………………….31
d) Slavery and Forced Child Labor………………………………..31
(C) CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR ………………………………………...32
i. Poverty………………………………………………………….32
ii. Low Income of the Bread Earner of the Family………………..33
iii. Child Labour is Cheap Commodity…………………………….33
iv. Large Families………………………………………………….34
v. Illiteracy and Ignorance of Parents……………………………..34
vi. Unemployed Parents……………………………………………35
vii. Migration to Urban Areas………………………………………36
Reasons…………………………………………………..36
CHILD LABOUR IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE…….37-49
I. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948…………………39
II. Declaration on the rights of the Child 1959……………………39
III. International Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989……..40
IV. International Labour Organization……………………………..42
V. IPEC: ILO’S International Program for The Elimination of
Child Labour……………………………………………………43
VI. The United Nations Children’s Educational Fund (UNICEF)…44
VII. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)……………………………………….44
VIII. The South Asian Association for the
Cooperation……………..44
IX. Global March against Child Labour……………………………45
THE INDIAN LEGAL UMBRELLA………………………………...50-97
I. Constitutional Provisions……………………………………………….50
II. Legislative Enactments………………………………………………….53
(a) The Children (Pleading of Labour) Act, 1933………………….53
(b) The Employment of Children Act, 1938……………………….53
(c) The Minimum Wages Act, 1948……………………………….54
(d) The Factories Act, 1948………………………………………...55
(e) The Plantation of Labour Act, 1951……………………………56
(f) The MINES Act, 1952………………………………………….57
(g) The Merchant Shipping Act, 1958……………………………..58
(h) Motor Transport Workers Act, 1961…………………………59
(i) The Beedi and Cigar Workers (Condition of Employment) Act,
1966…………………………………………………………….60
(j) Shop &Commercial Establishment Act, 1969………………….60
(k) Bonded Labour Act, 1976……………………………………...61
(l) The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986…….61
(m) Right to Education Act 2010…………………………………...62
III. Judicial Approach…………………………………………………………63
IV. Government Policy in India……………………………………………….81
1) The National Child Labour Policy, 1987………………………83
2) Scheme of National Child Labour Project Revised 2003
Policy…………………………………………………………...84
3) Central Advisory Board on Child Labour……………………..84
4) Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee………………...85
5) National Child Labour Projects. (NCLP)……………………...85
6) Strategy to be adopted during The 10th Plan for Elimination of
Child Labour……………………………………………………85
7) Measures to deal with Child Labour- Strategy for the 11th
Plan……………………………………………………………..87
V. Steps Taken by National Human Rights Commission and Commission
For the Rights of Children………………………………………………...94
1) Death of 12 Year old Child Worker, Naushad: Bangalore (Case No.
452/10/2000-2001)…………………………………………………..94
2) Bonded Child Labour: Andhra Pradesh (Case No. 443/2001-
02/FC)……………………………………………………………….95
3) Exploitation of Children by the Great Roman Circus in Gonda U.P.
(Case No. 7993/24/2004-2005)……………………………………...96
4) NHRC raps Karnataka Govt. on child labour in Bellary mines……..96
CONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTIONS……………………………98-107
Bibliography……………………………………………………………108-113
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